180 questions • 720 marks • 4 marks per correct answer • −1 for wrong answer

Physics Chemistry Biology

Class 11 & Class 12 — Units 1 to 20

1 Physics and Measurement

6 topics ▼

• Units of measurement, system of units, SI units
• Fundamental and derived units
• Least count
• Significant figures
• Errors in measurement
• Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

2 Kinematics

8 topics ▼

• The frame of reference
• Motion in a straight line; position–time graph, speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion; average speed and instantaneous velocity
• Uniformly accelerated motion; velocity–time and position–time graphs; relations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Scalars and vectors; vector addition and subtraction; scalar and vector products; unit vector; resolution of a vector
• Relative velocity
• Motion in a plane; projectile motion
• Uniform circular motion

3 Laws of Motion

7 topics ▼

• Force and inertia; Newton's first law of motion
• Momentum; Newton's second law of motion; impulse
• Newton's third law of motion; law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and kinetic friction; laws of friction; rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion; centripetal force and its applications
• Vehicle on a level circular road; vehicle on a banked road

4 Work, Energy and Power

6 topics ▼

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force
• Kinetic and potential energies; work–energy theorem; power
• Potential energy of a spring; conservation of mechanical energy
• Conservative and non-conservative forces
• Motion in a vertical circle
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

5 Rotational Motion

7 topics ▼

• Centre of mass of a two-particle system and of a rigid body
• Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque; angular momentum
• Conservation of angular momentum and its applications
• Moment of inertia; radius of gyration; moments of inertia of simple geometrical objects
• Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies; rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
• Comparison of linear and rotational motions

6 Gravitation

5 topics ▼

• Universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential; escape velocity
• Motion of a satellite: orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite

7 Properties of Solids and Liquids

10 topics ▼

• Elastic behaviour; stress–strain relationship; Hooke's law
• Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications; effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity; Stokes' law; terminal velocity; streamline and turbulent flow; critical velocity
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension; angle of contact; excess pressure across a curved surface
• Applications of surface tension: drops, bubbles and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity; calorimetry
• Change of state and latent heat
• Heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation

8 Thermodynamics

4 topics ▼

• Thermal equilibrium; zeroth law of thermodynamics; concept of temperature
• Heat, work and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics
• Isothermal and adiabatic processes
• Second law of thermodynamics; reversible and irreversible processes

9 Kinetic Theory of Gases

5 topics ▼

• Equation of state of a perfect gas; work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: assumptions and concept of pressure; kinetic interpretation of temperature
• RMS speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom
• Law of equipartition of energy and its application to specific heat capacities of gases
• Mean free path; Avogadro's number

10 Oscillations and Waves

8 topics ▼

• Oscillations and periodic motion: time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time; periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase
• Oscillations of a spring: restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM
• Simple pendulum: derivation of its time period
• Wave motion: longitudinal and transverse waves; speed of a travelling wave; displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves; reflection of waves
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes; fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats

11 Electrostatics

10 topics ▼

• Electric charges; conservation of charge; Coulomb's law; forces between multiple charges
• Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field; field due to a point charge; electric field lines
• Electric dipole; field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux; Gauss's law and its applications (infinitely long straight wire, infinite plane sheet, thin spherical shell)
• Electric potential and potential difference; potential due to a point charge, dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces
• Electrical potential energy of a system of point charges and of a dipole in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators; dielectrics and electric polarisation
• Capacitors and capacitance; series and parallel combinations
• Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric; energy stored in a capacitor

12 Current Electricity

7 topics ▼

• Electric current; drift velocity; mobility and its relation with electric current
• Ohm's law; electrical resistance; V–I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
• Electrical energy and power; resistivity and conductivity
• Series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance, potential difference and EMF of a cell; combination of cells in series and parallel
• Kirchhoff's laws and their applications
• Wheatstone bridge; metre bridge

13 Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

8 topics ▼

• Biot–Savart law and its application to a current-carrying circular loop
• Ampere's law and its application to an infinitely long straight wire and a solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field; force between two parallel current-carrying conductors (definition of ampere)
• Torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; magnetic field lines
• Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole along its axis and perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances; effect of temperature on magnetic properties

14 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

6 topics ▼

• Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's law; induced EMF and current
• Lenz's law; eddy currents; self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents: peak and RMS value of current and voltage
• Reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit; resonance
• Power in AC circuits; wattless current
• AC generator and transformer

15 Electromagnetic Waves

4 topics ▼

• Displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics; transverse nature
• Electromagnetic spectrum: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays
• Applications of electromagnetic waves

16 Optics

9 topics ▼

• Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula
• Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces; thin lens formula and lens maker's formula
• Total internal reflection and its applications; magnification; power of a lens; combination of thin lenses in contact
• Refraction of light through a prism
• Microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle; laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens' principle
• Interference; Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width; coherent sources; sustained interference
• Diffraction due to a single slit; width of central maximum
• Polarisation; plane-polarised light; Brewster's law; uses of plane-polarised light and Polaroids

17 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

3 topics ▼

• Dual nature of radiation; photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard's observations
• Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
• Matter waves: wave nature of particles; de Broglie relation

18 Atoms and Nuclei

5 topics ▼

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of the atom
• Bohr model; energy levels; hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus; atomic masses
• Mass–energy relation; mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

19 Electronic Devices

3 topics ▼

• Semiconductors; semiconductor diode; I–V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier
• I–V characteristics of LED; photodiode; solar cell; Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Logic gates: OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR

20 Experimental Skills

16 topics ▼

• Vernier calipers: internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel
• Screw gauge: thickness or diameter of thin sheet or wire
• Simple pendulum: dissipation of energy by plotting a graph
• Metre scale: mass of an object by the principle of moments
• Young's modulus of a metallic wire
• Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
• Coefficient of viscosity of a viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a sphere
• Speed of sound in air using a resonance tube
• Specific heat capacity of a solid and a liquid by the method of mixtures
• Resistivity of a wire using a metre bridge; resistance of a wire using Ohm's law
• Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half-deflection method
• Focal length of a convex mirror, concave mirror and convex lens using the parallax method
• Angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
• Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope
• Characteristic curves of a p–n junction diode (forward and reverse bias); Zener diode and reverse breakdown voltage
• Identification of diode, LED, resistor and capacitor from a mixed collection

Physical Chemistry — Units 1 to 8

1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

4 topics ▼

• Matter and its nature; Dalton's atomic theory
• Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound; laws of chemical combination
• Atomic and molecular masses; mole concept; molar mass; percentage composition
• Empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry

2 Atomic Structure

9 topics ▼

• Nature of electromagnetic radiation; photoelectric effect; spectrum of hydrogen atom
• Bohr model of hydrogen atom: postulates, derivation of energy and radii, limitations
• Dual nature of matter; de Broglie relationship; Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics; quantum mechanical model of the atom
• Atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions; variation of ψ and ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
• Quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, magnetic); shapes of s, p and d orbitals
• Electron spin and spin quantum number
• Aufbau principle; Pauli's exclusion principle; Hund's rule
• Electronic configuration of elements; extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals

3 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

8 topics ▼

• Kossel–Lewis approach; concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic bonding: formation, factors affecting formation, lattice enthalpy
• Covalent bonding: electronegativity; Fajan's rule; dipole moment
• VSEPR theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Valence bond theory; hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals; resonance
• Molecular orbital theory: LCAO; bonding and antibonding MOs; sigma and pi bonds
• MO electronic configuration of homonuclear diatomic molecules; bond order, bond length and bond energy
• Metallic bonding; hydrogen bonding and its applications

4 Chemical Thermodynamics

6 topics ▼

• System and surroundings; extensive and intensive properties; state functions; types of processes
• First law of thermodynamics: work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy; heat capacity and molar heat capacity
• Hess's law of constant heat summation
• Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomisation, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionisation and solution
• Second law of thermodynamics; spontaneity; entropy and Gibbs energy as criteria
• Standard Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant

5 Solutions

4 topics ▼

• Concentration terms: molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage by mass and by volume
• Vapour pressure of solutions; Raoult's law; ideal and non-ideal solutions; vapour pressure–composition plots
• Colligative properties: relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass; abnormal molar mass; van't Hoff factor

6 Equilibrium

5 topics ▼

• Dynamic equilibrium; equilibria involving physical processes (solid–liquid, liquid–gas, solid–gas); Henry's law
• Law of chemical equilibrium; equilibrium constants Kc and Kp; Gibbs energy and equilibrium
• Factors affecting equilibrium; Le Chatelier's principle
• Ionic equilibrium: weak and strong electrolytes; acid–base theories (Arrhenius, Brønsted–Lowry, Lewis); ionisation constants; ionisation of water; pH scale
• Common ion effect; hydrolysis of salts; solubility product; buffer solutions

7 Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

5 topics ▼

• Oxidation and reduction; redox reactions; oxidation number and rules; balancing redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction; conductance in electrolytic solutions; molar conductivity; Kohlrausch's law
• Electrochemical cells: electrolytic and galvanic cells; electrodes; standard electrode potential; EMF
• Nernst equation; relation between cell potential and Gibbs energy
• Batteries and cells: dry cell, lead accumulator, fuel cells

8 Chemical Kinetics

4 topics ▼

• Rate of a chemical reaction; factors affecting rate (concentration, temperature, pressure, catalyst)
• Elementary and complex reactions; order and molecularity; rate law; rate constant and its units
• Zero-order and first-order reactions (differential and integrated forms); half-life
• Effect of temperature; Arrhenius equation and activation energy; collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

9 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

2 topics ▼

• Modern periodic law; present form of the periodic table; s-, p-, d- and f-block elements
• Periodic trends: atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, chemical reactivity

10 p-Block Elements (Groups 13 to 18)

3 topics ▼

• General introduction and electronic configuration of Group 13 to 18 elements
• General trends in physical and chemical properties across periods and down groups
• Unique behaviour of the first element in each group

11 d- and f-Block Elements

4 topics ▼

• Transition elements: general introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
• General trends in first-row transition elements: ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation
• Preparation, properties and uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
• Inner transition elements: lanthanoids (electronic configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction); actinoids (electronic configuration, oxidation states)

12 Coordination Compounds

4 topics ▼

• Introduction to coordination compounds; Werner's theory; ligands; coordination number; denticity; chelation
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds; isomerism
• Valence bond theory; basic concepts of crystal field theory; colour and magnetic properties
• Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems

13 Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

3 topics ▼

• Purification methods: crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography
• Qualitative analysis: detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens
• Quantitative analysis: estimation of C, H, N, halogens, S and P; empirical and molecular formula; numerical problems

14 Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

6 topics ▼

• Tetravalency of carbon; hybridisation (s and p); shapes of simple molecules
• Classification by functional group; homologous series; structural and stereoisomerism
• Trivial and IUPAC nomenclature
• Homolytic and heterolytic fission; free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of carbocations and free radicals
• Electrophiles and nucleophiles; inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation
• Organic reaction mechanisms: substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement

15 Hydrocarbons

5 topics ▼

• Classification and isomerism; IUPAC nomenclature; general methods of preparation, properties and reactions
• Alkanes: conformations (sawhorse and Newman projections); halogenation mechanism
• Alkenes: geometrical isomerism; electrophilic addition; Markovnikov's and peroxide effect; ozonolysis; polymerisation
• Alkynes: acidic character; addition reactions; polymerisation
• Aromatic hydrocarbons: structure and aromaticity of benzene; electrophilic substitution; halogenation; nitration; Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional groups

16 Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

3 topics ▼

• General methods of preparation, properties and reactions
• Nature of C–X bond; mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT

17 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

5 topics ▼

• Alcohols: identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; dehydration mechanism
• Phenols: acidic nature; electrophilic substitution; halogenation, nitration, sulphonation; Reimer–Tiemann reaction
• Ethers: structure
• Aldehydes and ketones: nucleophilic addition; reaction with HCN and NH₃ derivatives; Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff–Kishner, Clemmensen); acidity of α-hydrogen; aldol condensation; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction; chemical tests
• Carboxylic acids: acidic strength and factors affecting acidity

18 Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

2 topics ▼

• Amines: nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character; identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
• Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

19 Biomolecules

5 topics ▼

• Carbohydrates: classification; aldoses and ketoses; glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Proteins: α-amino acids; peptide bond; polypeptides; primary to quaternary structure; denaturation; enzymes
• Vitamins: classification and functions
• Nucleic acids: chemical constitution of DNA and RNA; biological functions
• Hormones: general introduction

20 Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

5 topics ▼

• Detection of extra elements (nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; detection of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl and amino groups
• Preparation of inorganic compounds (Mohr's salt, potash alum) and organic compounds (acetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide, aniline)
• Titrimetric exercises: acid–base titrations with indicators; oxalic acid vs KMnO₄; Mohr's salt vs KMnO₄
• Qualitative salt analysis: cations and anions (insoluble salts excluded)
• Experiments: enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄; enthalpy of neutralisation; preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols; kinetic study of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide